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5 year old"Had a long and very good conversation with President Putin," the US president tweeted.
Mr Trump rebuked a reporter who asked whether he had warned Mr Putin against meddling in the 2020 elections.
It was their first conversation since the Mueller report cleared Mr Trump of colluding with Russia on the 2016 vote.
The Kremlin confirmed in a statement the two had spoken, saying the call had been initiated by the White House.
Mr Trump and Mr Putin last spoke informally at last December's G20 Summit in Buenos Aires, after Mr Trump cancelled the two leaders' official meeting.
Mr Trump tweeted on Friday about their latest conversation: "As I have always said, long before the Witch Hunt started, getting along with Russia, China, and everyone is a good thing not a bad thing."
Had a long and very good conversation with President Putin of Russia. As I have always said, long before the Witch Hunt started, getting along with Russia, China, and everyone is a good thing, not a bad thing....
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) May 3, 2019
When asked in the White House on Friday whether he had warned Mr Putin that Moscow should not interfere in the next US presidential election, Mr Trump told the reporter she was "very rude".
"We didn't discuss that," he said.
"Getting along with countries is a good thing and we want to have good relations with everybody."
But the White House said the matter of alleged Russian meddling had been broached in the call.
Press secretary Sarah Sanders said: "Very, very briefly it was discussed, essentially in the context of that it's over and there was no collusion, which I'm pretty sure both leaders were very well aware of long before this call took place."
Mrs Sanders also said Mr Trump and Mr Putin had briefly discussed the investigation by US Special Counsel Robert Mueller into alleged Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election.
The White House press secretary described the call as an "overall positive conversation".
A redacted version of the special counsel's report was made public last month. It did not determine that the Trump campaign conspired with Russia, but it detailed repeated efforts by Mr Trump to thwart an investigation he feared would end his presidency.
Mr Mueller concluded his inquiry could not exonerate Mr Trump of obstruction of justice, noting Department of Justice guidance that a sitting president cannot be criminally charged.
On Friday, Mr Trump and Mr Putin also discussed thorny foreign policy issues: